The framework outlines clear exposure assumptions, such as ingestion of biosolids-amended soil, drinking water ingestion and consumption of homegrown produce or animal products.

“For utilities,” says Lanza, “this means taking a fresh look at how biosolids are managed and where PFAS may be entering the system, whether through land-applied biosolids, food chain uptake or industrial discharges.”

The science is still evolving, and the EPA acknowledges significant data gaps in the risk assessment, especially around exposure pathways and cumulative risks. However, with a patchwork of state-level regulations already in place and more expected, early planning and source control strategies are essential. Understanding your utility’s PFAS load and potential exposure pathways will be crucial in navigating compliance and public expectations.

CDM Smith experts have developed a comprehensive webinar that breaks down EPA’s findings, explains potential exposure routes, and outlines immediate action steps to support utilities in unpacking the draft risk assessment and preparing for what's next.